Washington		91-1838969
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer I.D. Number)
900 Washington St., Ste. 900, Vancouver, Washington		98660
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)
Registrant's telephone number, including area code:		(360) 693-6650
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class		Trading Symbol(s)		Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, Par Value $0.01 per share		RVSB		The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X]  No [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).      Yes  [X]   No [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer [   ]	Accelerated filer [   ]	Non-accelerated filer [X]
Smaller reporting company [X]	Emerging growth company [   ]

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  [   ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes [   ]    No  [X]

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date:  Common Stock, $.01 par value per share, 22,245,472 shares outstanding as of August 14, 2020.

Form 10-Q

RIVERVIEW BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

INDEX

Part I.	Financial Information	Page
Item 1:	Financial Statements (Unaudited)
	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2020 and March 31, 2020	2
	Consolidated Statements of Income for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	3
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	4
	Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	5
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	6
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2:	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	24
Item 3:	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	40
Item 4:	Controls and Procedures	40
Part II.	Other Information	41-42
Item 1:	Legal Proceedings
Item 1A:	Risk Factors
Item 2:	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Item 3:	Defaults Upon Senior Securities
Item 4:	Mine Safety Disclosures
Item 5:	Other Information
Item 6:	Exhibits
SIGNATURES		43
Certifications
	Exhibit 31.1      Exhibit 31.2      Exhibit 32

As used in this Form 10-Q, the terms “we,” “our,” “us,” “Riverview” and “Company” refer to Riverview Bancorp, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, including its wholly-owned subsidiary, Riverview Community Bank, unless the context indicates otherwise.

“Safe Harbor” statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995: When used in this Form 10-Q, the words “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “forecasts,” “intends,” “plans,” “targets,” “potentially,” “probably,” “projects,” “outlook,” or similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “would,” and “could,” or similar expressions are intended to identify “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include statements with respect to our beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, expectations, assumptions, statements about future economic performance and projections of financial items. These forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results anticipated or implied by our forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to: the effect of the novel coronavirus of 2019 (“COVID-19”) pandemic, including on Riverview’s credit quality and business operations, as well as its impact on general economic and financial market conditions and other uncertainties resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, such as the extent and duration of the impact on public health, the U.S. and global economies, and consumer and corporate customers, including economic activity, employment levels and market liquidity; the credit risks of lending activities, including changes in the level and trend of loan delinquencies and write-offs and changes in the Company’s allowance for loan losses and provision for loan losses that may be impacted by deterioration in the housing and commercial real estate markets; changes in general economic conditions, either nationally or in the Company’s market areas; changes in the levels of general interest rates, and the relative differences between short and long-term interest rates, deposit interest rates, the Company’s net interest margin and funding sources; fluctuations in the demand for loans, the number of unsold homes, land and other properties and fluctuations in real estate values in the Company’s market areas; secondary market conditions for loans and the Company’s ability to originate loans for sale and sell loans in the secondary market; results of examinations of our bank subsidiary, Riverview Community Bank, by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and of the Company by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, or other regulatory authorities, including the possibility that any such regulatory authority may, among other things, require the Company to increase its allowance for loan losses, write-down assets, reclassify its assets, change Riverview Community Bank’s regulatory capital position or affect the Company’s ability to borrow funds or maintain or increase deposits, which could adversely affect its liquidity and earnings; legislative or regulatory changes that adversely affect the Company’s business including changes in regulatory policies and principles, or the interpretation of regulatory capital or other rules, including as a result of Basel III; the Company’s ability to attract and retain deposits; the Company’s ability to control operating costs and expenses; the use of estimates in determining fair value of certain of the Company’s assets, which estimates may prove to be incorrect and result in significant declines in valuation; difficulties in reducing risks associated with the loans on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet; staffing fluctuations in response to product demand or the implementation of corporate strategies that affect the Company’s workforce and potential associated charges; disruptions, security breaches, or other adverse events, failures or interruptions in, or attacks on, our information technology systems or on the third-party vendors who perform several of our critical processing functions; the Company’s ability to retain key members of its senior management team; costs and effects of litigation, including settlements and judgments; the Company’s ability to implement its business strategies; the Company's ability to successfully integrate any assets, liabilities, customers, systems, and management personnel it may acquire into its operations and the Company's ability to realize related revenue synergies and cost savings within expected time frames; future goodwill impairment due to changes in Riverview’s business, changes in market conditions, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic or other factors; increased competitive pressures among financial services companies; changes in consumer spending, borrowing and savings habits; the availability of resources to address changes in laws, rules, or regulations or to respond to regulatory actions; the Company’s ability to pay dividends on its common stock; adverse changes in the securities markets; inability of key third-party providers to perform their obligations to us; changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the financial institution regulatory agencies or the Financial Accounting Standards Board, including additional guidance and interpretation on accounting issues and details of the implementation of new accounting standards; including the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act of 2020 ("CARES Act"), other economic, competitive, governmental, regulatory, and technological factors affecting the Company’s operations, pricing, products and services including as a result of COVID-19; and the other risks described from time to time in our filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

The Company cautions readers not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Moreover, you should treat these statements as speaking only as of the date they are made and based only on information then actually known to the Company. The Company does not undertake and specifically disclaims any obligation to revise any forward-looking statements included in this report or the reasons why actual results could differ from those contained in such statements, whether as a result of new information or to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances after the date of such statements. These risks could cause our actual results for fiscal 2021 and beyond to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements by, or on behalf of, us and could negatively affect the Company’s consolidated financial condition and consolidated results of operations as well as its stock price performance.

Part I. Financial Information

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

2

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

3

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

4

RIVERVIEW BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2020 AND 2019

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

RIVERVIEW BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2020 AND 2019

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

6

RIVERVIEW BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

1.	BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with instructions for Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and, therefore, do not include all disclosures necessary for a complete presentation of financial condition, results of operations and cash flows in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“generally accepted accounting principles” or “GAAP”). However, all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the interim unaudited consolidated financial statements have been included. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements included in the Riverview Bancorp, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2020 (“2020 Form 10-K”). The unaudited consolidated results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results which may be expected for the entire fiscal year ending March 31, 2021.

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation; such reclassifications had no effect on previously reported net income or total shareholders’ equity.

2.	PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Riverview Bancorp, Inc.; its wholly-owned subsidiary, Riverview Community Bank (the “Bank”); the Bank’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Riverview Services, Inc., and the Bank’s majority-owned subsidiary, Riverview Trust Company (the “Trust Company”) (collectively referred to as the “Company”). All inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. For the period from April 1, 2017 through December 2019, the Trust Company was a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Bank. In December 2019, the Trust Company issued 1,500 shares of Trust Company stock in conjunction with the exercise of 1,500 Trust Company stock options by the Trust Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer. As a result of this transaction, the Bank’s ownership in the Trust Company decreased from 100% to 98%, resulting in a noncontrolling interest. The noncontrolling interest was $110,000 as of June 30, 2020, and net income attributable to the noncontrolling interest was $3,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2020. These amounts are not presented separately in the accompanying consolidated financial statements due to their insignificance.

3.	STOCK PLANS AND STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

Stock Option Plans – In July 2003, shareholders of the Company approved the adoption of the 2003 Stock Option Plan (“2003 Plan”). The 2003 Plan was effective in July 2003 and expired in July 2013. Accordingly, no further option awards may be granted under the 2003 Plan; however, any awards granted prior to their respective expiration dates remain outstanding subject to their terms. Each option granted under the 2003 Plan has an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant, a maximum term of ten years and a vesting period from zero to five years.

In July 2017, the shareholders of the Company approved the Riverview Bancorp, Inc. 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (“2017 Plan”). The 2017 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock units. The Company has reserved 1,800,000 shares of its common stock for issuance under the 2017 Plan. The 2003 Plan and the 2017 Plan are collectively referred to as “the Stock Option Plans”.

The fair value of each stock option granted is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes stock option valuation model. The fair value of all awards is amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods, which are generally the vesting periods. The expected life of options granted represents the period of time that they are expected to be outstanding. The expected life is determined based on historical experience with similar options, giving consideration to the contractual terms and vesting schedules. Expected volatility is estimated at the date of grant based on the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock. Expected dividends are based on dividend trends and the market value of the Company’s common stock at the time of grant. The risk-free interest rate for periods within the contractual life of the options is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant. There were no stock options granted under the 2017 Stock Option Plan during the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019.

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As of June 30, 2020, all outstanding stock options were fully vested and there was no remaining unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options granted under the Stock Option Plans. There was no stock-based compensation expense related to stock options for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 under the Stock Option Plans.

The following table presents the activity related to stock options under the Stock Option Plans for the periods shown:

		Three Months Ended June 30, 2020								Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
		Number of Shares				Weighted Average Exercise Price				Number of Shares				Weighted Average Exercise Price
Balance, beginning of period			43,332			$	2.69				101,332			$	3.26
Options exercised			(5,000	)			1.97				(15,000	)			3.27
Balance, end of period			38,332			$	2.78				86,332			$	3.26

The following table presents information on stock options outstanding, less estimated forfeitures, as of June 30, 2020 and 2019:

The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $17,000 and $64,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, under the Stock Option Plans.

During the three months ended June 30, 2019, the Company granted 82,673 shares of restricted stock pursuant to the 2017 Plan of which vesting for 49,298 shares of restricted stock were time based and vesting for 33,375 shares of restricted stock were performance based subject to attaining certain performance metrics. The Company cancelled 7,913 shares of performance-based restricted stock during the quarter ended June 30, 2020 due to not achieving certain performance metrics

The fair value of restricted stock awards is equal to the fair value of the Company’s stock on the date of grant. The related stock-based compensation expense is recorded over the requisite service period. Stock-based compensation related to restricted stock grants was $29,000 and $169,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The unrecognized stock-based compensation related to restricted stock was $252,000 at June 30, 2020. The weighted average vesting period for the restricted stock was 1.43 years at June 30, 2020.

The following table presents the activity related to restricted stock as of June 30, 2020:

		Time Based								Performance Based								Total
		Number of Unvested Shares				Weighted Average Market Price				Number of Unvested Shares				Weighted Average Market Price				Number of Unvested Shares				Weighted Average Market Price
Balance, beginning of period			49,298			$	8.35				33,375			$	8.35				82,673			$	8.35
Granted			-				-				-				-				-				-
Forfeited			-				-				-				-				-				-
Vested			(23,135	)			8.35				-				-				(23,135	)			8.35
Cancelled			-				-				(7,913	)			8.35				(7,913	)			8.35
Balance, end of period			26,163			$	8.35				25,462			$	8.35				51,625			$	8.35

Trust Company Stock Options – At June 30, 2020 and 2019, there were 1,000 and 2,500 Trust Company stock options outstanding, respectively, which had been granted to the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Trust Company. During each of the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, the Trust Company incurred $11,000 of stock-based compensation expense related to these options. No Trust Company stock options were exercised during the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. There were no Trust Company stock options granted during the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. Unrecognized compensation expense related to the Trust Company stock options totaled $33,000.

4.	EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net income or loss applicable to common stock by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, without considering any dilutive items. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income or loss applicable to common stock by the weighted average number of common shares and common stock equivalents for items that are dilutive, net of shares assumed to be repurchased using the treasury stock method at the average share price for the Company’s common stock during the period. Common stock equivalents arise from the assumed exercise of outstanding stock options and assumed vesting of restricted stock. For the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, there were no stock options excluded in computing diluted EPS.

In February 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted a stock repurchase program (the “repurchase program”). Under the repurchase program, the Company may repurchase up to 500,000 shares of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock, in the open market based on prevailing market prices, or in private negotiated transactions, during the period from March 12, 2020 until the earlier of the completion of the repurchase of 500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock or the next six months, depending on market conditions. As of April 17, 2020, the Company had repurchased the 500,000 shares under the repurchase program at an average price of $4.89 per share. The Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 or any interim period within that fiscal year.

The following table presents a reconciliation of the components used to compute basic and diluted EPS for the periods indicated:

5.	INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The amortized cost and approximate fair value of investment securities consisted of the following at the dates indicated (in thousands):

9

The contractual maturities of investment securities as of June 30, 2020 are as follows (in thousands):

Expected maturities of investment securities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties.

The fair value of temporarily impaired investment securities, the amount of unrealized losses and the length of time these unrealized losses existed are as follows at the dates indicated (in thousands):

The unrealized losses on the Company’s investment securities were primarily attributable to increases in market interest rates subsequent to their purchase by the Company. The Company expects the fair value of these securities to recover as the securities approach their maturity dates or sooner if market yields for such securities decline. The Company does not believe that these securities are other than temporarily impaired because of their credit quality or related to any issuer or industry specific event. The Company has the ability and intent to hold the investments until the fair value recovers. Based on management’s evaluation and intent, the unrealized losses related to the investment securities in the above tables are considered temporary.

The Company had no sales and realized no gains or losses on sales of investment securities for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. Investment securities available for sale with an amortized cost of $6.4 million and $6.6 million and an estimated fair value of $6.5 million and $6.8 million at June 30, 2020 and March 31, 2020, respectively, were pledged as collateral for government public funds held by the Bank. There were no held to maturity securities pledged as collateral for government public funds held by the Bank at June 30, 2020 and March 31, 2020.

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6.	LOANS RECEIVABLE

Loans receivable are reported net of deferred loan fees. At June 2020, deferred loan fees totaled $7.1 million of which $3.2 million were related to SBA Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans. At March 31, 2020, deferred loan fees totaled $4.1 million of which there were no deferred loan fees related to SBA PPP loans. Loans receivable are also reported net of discounts and premiums totaling $994,000 and $1.4 million, respectively, as of June 30, 2020, compared to $1.1 million and $1.5 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2020. Loans receivable, excluding loans held for sale, consisted of the following at the dates indicated (in thousands):

The Company considers its loan portfolio to have very little exposure to sub-prime mortgage loans since the Company has not historically engaged in this type of lending. At June 30, 2020, loans carried at $513.3 million were pledged as collateral to the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (“FHLB”) and Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (“FRB”) pursuant to borrowing agreements.

Substantially all of the Bank’s business activity is with customers located in the states of Washington and Oregon. Loans and extensions of credit outstanding at one time to one borrower are generally limited by federal regulation to 15% of the Bank’s shareholders’ equity, excluding accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). As of June 30, 2020 and March 31, 2020, the Bank had no loans to any one borrower in excess of the regulatory limit.

7.	ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level sufficient to provide for estimated loan losses based on evaluating known and inherent risks in the loan portfolio. The allowance is provided based upon management’s ongoing quarterly assessment of the pertinent factors underlying the quality of the loan portfolio. These factors include changes in the size and composition of the loan portfolio, delinquency levels, actual loan loss experience, current economic conditions and a detailed analysis of individual loans for which full collectability may not be assured. The detailed analysis includes techniques to estimate the fair value of loan collateral and the existence of potential alternative sources of repayment. The allowance consists of specific, general and unallocated components.

The specific component relates to loans that are considered impaired. For loans that are classified as impaired, an allowance is established when the discounted cash flows or collateral value (less estimated selling costs, if applicable) of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan.

The general component covers non-impaired loans based on the Company’s risk rating system and historical loss experience adjusted for qualitative factors. The Company calculates its historical loss rates using the average of the last four quarterly 24-month periods. The Company calculates and applies its historical loss rates by individual loan types in its loan portfolio. These historical loss rates are adjusted for qualitative and environmental factors.

An unallocated component is maintained to cover uncertainties that the Company believes have resulted in incurred losses that have not yet been allocated to specific elements of the general and specific components of the allowance for loan losses. Such factors include uncertainties in economic conditions, uncertainties in identifying triggering events that directly correlate to subsequent loss rates, changes in appraised value of underlying collateral, risk factors that have not yet manifested themselves in loss allocation factors and historical loss experience data that may not precisely correspond to the current loan portfolio or economic conditions. The unallocated component of the allowance reflects the margin of imprecision inherent in the underlying assumptions used in the methodologies for estimating specific and general losses in the loan portfolio. The appropriate allowance level is estimated based upon factors and trends identified by the Company as of the date of the filing of the consolidated financial statements.

11

When available information confirms that specific loans or portions thereof are uncollectible, identified amounts are charged against the allowance for loan losses. The existence of some or all of the following criteria will generally confirm that a loss has been incurred: the loan is significantly delinquent and the borrower has not demonstrated the ability or intent to bring the loan current; the Company has no recourse to the borrower, or if it does, the borrower has insufficient assets to pay the debt; and/or the estimated fair value of the loan collateral is significantly below the current loan balance, and there is little or no near-term prospect for improvement.

Management’s evaluation of the allowance for loan losses is based on ongoing, quarterly assessments of the known and inherent risks in the loan portfolio. Loss factors are based on the Company’s historical loss experience with additional consideration and adjustments made for changes in economic conditions, changes in the amount and composition of the loan portfolio, delinquency rates, changes in collateral values, seasoning of the loan portfolio, duration of the current business cycle, a detailed analysis of impaired loans and other factors as deemed appropriate. These factors are evaluated on a quarterly basis. Loss rates used by the Company are affected as changes in these factors increase or decrease from quarter to quarter. In addition, regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Company’s allowance for loan losses and may require the Company to make additions to the allowance based on their judgment about information available to them at the time of their examinations.

The following tables present a reconciliation of the allowance for loan losses for the periods indicated (in thousands):

The following tables present an analysis of loans receivable and the allowance for loan losses, based on impairment methodology, at the dates indicated (in thousands):

12

Non-accrual loans:  Loans are reviewed regularly and it is the Company’s general policy that a loan is past due when it is 30 to 89 days delinquent. In general, when a loan is 90 days delinquent or when collection of principal or interest appears doubtful, it is placed on non-accrual status, at which time the accrual of interest ceases and a reserve for unrecoverable accrued interest is established and charged against operations. As a general practice, payments received on non-accrual loans are applied to reduce the outstanding principal balance on a cost recovery method. Also, as a general practice, a loan is not removed from non-accrual status until all delinquent principal, interest and late fees have been brought current and the borrower has demonstrated a history of performance based upon the contractual terms of the note. A history of repayment performance generally would be a minimum of six months. Interest income foregone on non-accrual loans was $17,000 and $18,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The following tables present an analysis of loans by aging category at the dates indicated (in thousands):

Credit quality indicators: The Company monitors credit risk in its loan portfolio using a risk rating system (on a scale of one to nine) for all commercial (non-consumer) loans. The risk rating system is a measure of the credit risk of the borrower based on their historical, current and anticipated future financial characteristics. The Company assigns a risk rating to each commercial loan at origination and subsequently updates these ratings, as necessary, so that the risk rating continues to reflect the appropriate risk characteristics of the loan. Application of appropriate risk ratings is key to management of loan portfolio risk. In determining the appropriate risk rating, the Company considers the following factors: delinquency, payment history, quality of management, liquidity, leverage, earnings trends, alternative funding sources, geographic risk, industry risk, cash flow adequacy, account practices, asset protection and extraordinary risks. Consumer loans, including custom construction loans, are not assigned a risk rating but rather are grouped into homogeneous pools with similar risk characteristics. When a consumer loan is delinquent 90 days, it is placed on non-accrual status and assigned a substandard risk rating. Loss factors are assigned to each risk rating and homogeneous pool based on historical loss experience for similar loans. This historical loss experience is adjusted for qualitative factors that are likely to cause the estimated credit losses to differ from the Company’s historical loss experience. The Company uses these loss factors to estimate the general component of its allowance for loan losses.

Pass – These loans have a risk rating between 1 and 4 and are to borrowers that meet normal credit standards. Any deficiencies in satisfactory asset quality, liquidity, debt servicing capacity and coverage are offset by strengths in other areas. The borrower currently has the capacity to perform according to the loan terms. Any concerns about risk factors such as stability of margins, stability of cash flows, liquidity, dependence on a single product/supplier/customer, depth of management, etc. are offset by strengths in other areas. Typically, these loans are secured by the operating assets of the borrower and/or real estate. The borrower’s management is considered competent. The borrower has the ability to repay the debt in the normal course of business.

Watch – These loans have a risk rating of 5 and are included in the “pass” rating. However, there would typically be some reason for additional management oversight, such as the borrower’s recent financial setbacks and/or deteriorating financial position, industry concerns and failure to perform on other borrowing obligations. Loans with this rating are monitored closely in an effort to correct deficiencies.

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Special mention – These loans have a risk rating of 6 and are rated in accordance with regulatory guidelines. These loans have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or in the credit position at some future date. These loans pose elevated risk but their weakness does not yet justify a “substandard” classification.

Substandard – These loans have a risk rating of 7 and are rated in accordance with regulatory guidelines, for which the accrual of interest may or may not be discontinued. By definition under regulatory guidelines, a “substandard” loan has defined weaknesses which make payment default or principal exposure likely but not yet certain. Repayment of such loans is likely to be dependent upon collateral liquidation, a secondary source of repayment, or an event outside of the normal course of business.

Doubtful – These loans have a risk rating of 8 and are rated in accordance with regulatory guidelines. Such loans are placed on non-accrual status and repayment may be dependent upon collateral which has value that is difficult to determine or upon some near-term event which lacks certainty.

Loss – These loans have a risk rating of 9 and are rated in accordance with regulatory guidelines. Such loans are charged-off or charged-down when payment is acknowledged to be uncertain or when the timing or value of payments cannot be determined. “Loss” is not intended to imply that the loan or some portion of it will never be paid, nor does it in any way imply that there has been a forgiveness of debt.

The following tables present an analysis of loans by credit quality indicators at the dates indicated (in thousands):